std::ranges::merge() algorithm
- od C++20
- Simplified
- Detailed
// (1)
constexpr merge_result<I1, I2, O>
merge( I1 first1, S1 last1, I2 first2, S2 last2, O result, Comp comp = {},
Proj1 proj1 = {}, Proj2 proj2 = {} );
// (2)
constexpr merge_result<ranges::borrowed_iterator_t<R1>,
ranges::borrowed_iterator_t<R2>, O>
merge( R1&& r1, R2&& r2, O result, Comp comp = {},
Proj1 proj1 = {}, Proj2 proj2 = {} );
The type of arguments are generic and have the following constraints:
I1
,I2
-std::forward_iterator
S1
,S2
-std::sentinel_for<I1>
,std::sentinel_for<I2>
R1
,R2
-std::ranges::forward_range
O
-std::weakly_incrementable
Comp
- (none)Proj1
,Proj2
- (none)
The Proj
and Comp
template arguments have the following default types: std::identity
, ranges::less
for all overloads.
Additionaly, each overload has the following constraints:
- (1) -
mergeable<I1, I2, O, Comp, Proj1, Proj2>
- (2) -
mergeable<ranges::iterator_t<R1>, ranges::iterator_t<R2>, O, Comp, Proj1, Proj2>
(The std::
namespace was ommited here for readability)
// (1)
template<
std::input_iterator I1,
std::sentinel_for<I1> S1,
std::input_iterator I2
std::sentinel_for<I2> S2
std::weakly_incrementable O
class Comp = ranges::less
class Proj1 = std::identity
class Proj2 = std::identity
>
requires std::mergeable<I1, I2, O, Comp, Proj1, Proj2>
constexpr merge_result<I1, I2, O>
merge( I1 first1, S1 last1, I2 first2, S2 last2, O result, Comp comp = {},
Proj1 proj1 = {}, Proj2 proj2 = {} );
// (2)
template<
ranges::input_range R1
ranges::input_range R2
std::weakly_incrementable O
class Comp = ranges::less
class Proj1 = std::identity
class Proj2 = std::identity
>
requires std::mergeable<ranges::iterator_t<R1>, ranges::iterator_t<R2>,
O, Comp, Proj1, Proj2>
constexpr merge_result<ranges::borrowed_iterator_t<R1>,
ranges::borrowed_iterator_t<R2>, O>
merge( R1&& r1, R2&& r2, O result, Comp comp = {},
Proj1 proj1 = {}, Proj2 proj2 = {} );
With the helper types defined as follows:
template< class I1, class I2, class O >
using merge_result = ranges::in_in_out_result<I1, I2, O>;
Merges two sorted ranges [first1
; last1
) and [first2
; last2
) into one sorted range beginning at result
.
A sequence is said to be sorted with respect to the comparator comp
if for any iterator it
pointing to the sequence
and any non-negative integer n
such that it + n
is a valid iterator pointing to an element of the sequence,
std::invoke(comp, std::invoke(proj2, *(it + n)), std::invoke(proj1, *it)))
evaluates to false
.
- (1) Elements are compared using the given binary comparison function
comp
. - (2) Same as (1), but uses
r1
as the first range andr2
as the second range, as if usingranges::begin(r1)
asfirst1
,ranges::end(r1)
aslast1
,ranges::begin(r2)
asfirst2
, andranges::end(r2)
aslast2
.
This merge function is stable, which means that for equivalent elements in the original two ranges, the elements from the first range precede the elements from the second range, preserving their original order.
The behavior is undefined
if the destination range overlaps either of the input ranges (the input ranges may overlap each other).The function-like entities described on this page are niebloids.
Parameters
first1 last1 | The first sorted range of elements to merge. |
r r1 | The first sorted range of elements to merge. |
first2 last2 | The second sorted range of elements to merge. |
r2 | The second sorted range of elements to merge. |
result | The beginning of the destination range. |
proj1 | Projection to apply to the elements in the first range. |
proj2 | Projection to apply to the elements in the second range. |
Return value
A value of type ranges::merge_result
initialized as follows:
{
last1,
last2,
result_last
}
Where result_last
is the end of the constructed range.
Complexity
Given N
as ranges::distance(first1, last1) + ranges::distance(first2, last12)
At most N − 1
comparisons and applications of each projection.
Exceptions
(none)
Possible implementation
merge(1) and merge(2)
struct merge_fn
{
template<std::input_iterator I1, std::sentinel_for<I1> S1,
std::input_iterator I2, std::sentinel_for<I2> S2,
std::weakly_incrementable O, class Comp = ranges::less,
class Proj1 = std::identity, class Proj2 = std::identity>
requires std::mergeable<I1, I2, O, Comp, Proj1, Proj2>
constexpr ranges::merge_result<I1, I2, O>
operator()(I1 first1, S1 last1, I2 first2, S2 last2, O result, Comp comp = {},
Proj1 proj1 = {}, Proj2 proj2 = {}) const
{
for (; !(first1 == last1 or first2 == last2); ++result)
{
if (std::invoke(comp, std::invoke(proj2, *first2), std::invoke(proj1, *first1)))
*result = *first2, ++first2;
else
*result = *first1, ++first1;
}
auto ret1 {ranges::copy(std::move(first1), std::move(last1), std::move(result))};
auto ret2 {ranges::copy(std::move(first2), std::move(last2), std::move(ret1.out))};
return {std::move(ret1.in), std::move(ret2.in), std::move(ret2.out)};
}
template<ranges::input_range R1, ranges::input_range R2, std::weakly_incrementable O,
class Comp = ranges::less,
class Proj1 = std::identity, class Proj2 = std::identity>
requires std::mergeable<ranges::iterator_t<R1>, ranges::iterator_t<R2>,
O, Comp, Proj1, Proj2>
constexpr ranges::merge_result<ranges::borrowed_iterator_t<R1>,
ranges::borrowed_iterator_t<R2>, O>
operator()(R1&& r1, R2&& r2, O result, Comp comp = {},
Proj1 proj1 = {}, Proj2 proj2 = {}) const
{
return (*this)(ranges::begin(r1), ranges::end(r1),
ranges::begin(r2), ranges::end(r2),
std::move(result), std::move(comp),
std::move(proj1), std::move(proj2));
}
};
inline constexpr merge_fn merge {};
Notes
This algorithm performs a similar task as ranges::set_union
does.
Both consume two sorted input ranges and produce a sorted output with elements from both inputs.
The difference between these two algorithms is with handling values from both input ranges which compare equivalent (see notes on LessThanComparable.
If any equivalent values appeared n
times in the first range and m
times in the second, ranges::merge
would
output all n + m
occurrences whereas ranges::set_union
would output ranges::max(n, m)
ones only.
So std::merge
outputs exactly std::distance(first1, last1) + std::distance(first2, last2)
values and std::set_union
may produce fewer.
Examples
The following code uses ranges::merge
to convert a string in place to uppercase using the std::toupper
function and then merges each char to its ordinal value.
Then ranges::merge
with a projection is used to merge elements of std::vector<Foo>
into chars to fill a std::string
.
#include <algorithm>
#include <iostream>
#include <iterator>
#include <vector>
void print(const auto& in1, const auto& in2, auto first, auto last)
{
std::cout << "{ ";
for (const auto& e : in1) { std::cout << e << ' '; }
std::cout << "} +\n{ ";
for (const auto& e : in2) { std::cout << e << ' '; }
std::cout << "} =\n{ ";
while (!(first == last)) { std::cout << *first++ << ' '; }
std::cout << "}\n\n";
}
int main()
{
std::vector<int> in1, in2, out;
in1 = {1, 2, 3, 4, 5};
in2 = { 3, 4, 5, 6, 7};
out.resize(in1.size() + in2.size());
const auto ret = std::ranges::merge(in1, in2, out.begin());
print(in1, in2, out.begin(), ret.out);
in1 = {1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 5, 5};
in2 = { 3, 4, 5, 6, 7};
out.clear();
out.reserve(in1.size() + in2.size());
std::ranges::merge(in1, in2, std::back_inserter(out));
print(in1, in2, out.cbegin(), out.cend());
}
{ 1 2 3 4 5 } +
{ 3 4 5 6 7 } =
{ 1 2 3 3 4 4 5 5 6 7 }
{ 1 2 3 4 5 5 5 } +
{ 3 4 5 6 7 } =
{ 1 2 3 3 4 4 5 5 5 5 6 7 }
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