std::deque back() method

od C++98

// Non const version
reference back();

// Const version
const_reference back() const;

Returns a reference

to the last element in the container.

Undefined Behavior

Calling back on an empty container is undefined behavior

.

Parameters

(none)

Return value

Reference to the last element.

Complexity

Constant - O(1).

Notes

For a container c, the expression c.back() is equivalent to *std::prev(c.end()).

Example

Main.cpp

#include <array>
#include <iostream>
 
int main()
{
    std::deque<char> letters {'o', 'm', 'g', 'w', 't', 'f'};
 
    if (!letters.empty()) {
        std::cout << "The last character is '" << letters.back() << "'.\n";
    }  
}

Output

The last character is 'f'.