Sqrt
Defined in header <cmath>
.
Description
Computes the square root ofnum
. The library provides overloads of std::sqrt for all cv-unqualified floating-point types as the type of the parameter num
. (od C++23)
Additional Overloads are provided for all integer types, which are treated as double. (od C++11)
Declarations
- C++23
- C++11
// 1)
/* floating-point-type */ sqrt( /* floating-point-type */ num );
// 2)
float sqrtf( float num );
// 3)
long double sqrtl( long double num );
// 4)
template< class Integer >
double sqrt ( Integer num );
// 1)
float sqrt ( float num );
// 2)
double sqrt ( double num );
// 3)
long double sqrt ( long double num );
// 4)
float sqrtf( float num );
// 5)
long double sqrtl( long double num );
// 6)
template< class Integer >
double sqrt ( Integer num );
Parameters
num
- floating-point or integer value
Return value
If no errors occur, square root of num (√num), is returned.
If a domain error occurs, an implementation-defined value is returned (NaN where supported).
If a range error occurs due to underflow, the correct result (after rounding) is returned.
Error handling
Errors are reported as specified in math_errhandling.
Domain error occurs if num
is less than zero.
If the implementation supports IEEE floating-point arithmetic (IEC 60559):
If the argument is less than -0
, FE_INVALID
is raised and NaN is returned
If the argument is +∞
or ±0
, it is returned, unmodified
If the argument is NaN, NaN is returned
Notes
std::sqrt
is required by the IEEE standard to be correctly rounded from the infinitely precise result.
In particular, the exact result is produced if it can be represented in the floating-point type.
The only other operations which require this are the arithmetic operators and the function std::fma. Other functions,
including std::pow, are not so constrained.
The additional overloads are not required to be provided exactly as Additional Overloads. They only need to be sufficient to ensure that
for their argument num
of integer type,
std::sqrt(num)
has the same effect as std::sqrt(static_cast<double>(num))
.
Examples
#include <cerrno>
#include <cfenv>
#include <cmath>
#include <cstring>
#include <iostream>
#pragma STDC FENV_ACCESS ON
int main()
{
// normal use
std::cout
<< "sqrt(100) = "
<< std::sqrt(100) << '\n'
<< "sqrt(2) = "
<< std::sqrt(2) << '\n'
<< "golden ratio = "
<< (1 + std::sqrt(5)) / 2 << '\n';
// special values
std::cout
<< "sqrt(-0) = "
<< std::sqrt(-0.0) << '\n';
// error handling
errno = 0;
std::feclearexcept(FE_ALL_EXCEPT);
std::cout
<< "sqrt(-1.0) = "
<< std::sqrt(-1) << '\n';
if (errno == EDOM)
std::cout
<< "errno = EDOM "
<< std::strerror(errno) << '\n';
if (std::fetestexcept(FE_INVALID))
std::cout
<< "FE_INVALID raised\n";
}
sqrt(100) = 10
sqrt(2) = 1.41421
golden ratio = 1.61803
sqrt(-0) = -0
sqrt(-1.0) = -nan
errno = EDOM Numerical argument out of domain
FE_INVALID raised