std::deque end()/cend() method
- since C++11
- until C++11
// Non const version
iterator end() noexcept;
// Const version
const_iterator end() const noexcept;
const_iterator cend() const noexcept;
// Non const version
iterator end();
// Const version
const_iterator end() const;
Returns an iterator
to the element past-the-end of the deque.If the deque is empty, the returned iterator will be equal to
begin()
.
danger
Attempting to dereference a past-the-end iterator is undefined behaviour
.Parameters
(none)
Return value
Iterator to the past-the-end element.
Complexity
Constant - O(1).
Difference between end and cend
For a const container c
, end and cend are the same - c.end() == c.cend()
For non-const container of type c
they return different iterators:
- Non const container
- Const container
- end
- cend
#include <deque>
#include <string>
int main()
{
std::deque<int> deque = { 1, 2, 3 };
auto it = deque.end(); // Type: std::deque<int>::iterator
*std::prev(it) = 5; // ✔ Ok
}
#include <deque>
#include <string>
int main()
{
std::deque<int> deque = { 1, 2, 3 };
auto it = deque.cend(); // Type: std::deque<int>::const_iterator
*std::prev(it) = 5; // ❌ Error!
}
- end
- cend
#include <deque>
#include <string>
int main()
{
const std::deque<int> deque = { 1, 2, 3 };
auto it = deque.end(); // Type: std::deque<int>::const_iterator
*std::prev(it) = 5; // ❌ Error!
}
#include <deque>
#include <string>
int main()
{
const std::deque<int> deque = { 1, 2, 3 };
auto it = deque.cend(); // Type: std::deque<int>::const_iterator
*std::prev(it) = 5; // ❌ Error!
}
Example
Main.cpp
#include <algorithm>
#include <iostream>
#include <numeric>
#include <string>
#include <deque>
int main()
{
std::deque<int> nums {1, 2, 4, 8, 16};
std::deque<std::string> fruits {"orange", "apple", "raspberry"};
std::deque<char> empty;
// Print deque.
std::for_each(nums.begin(), nums.end(), [](const int n) { std::cout << n << ' '; });
std::cout << '\n';
// Sums all integers in the deque nums (if any), printing only the result.
std::cout << "Sum of nums: "
<< std::accumulate(nums.begin(), nums.end(), 0) << '\n';
// Prints the first fruit in the deque fruits, checking if there is any.
if (!fruits.empty())
std::cout << "First fruit: " << *fruits.begin() << '\n';
if (empty.begin() == empty.end())
std::cout << "deque 'empty' is indeed empty.\n";
}
Possible Output
1 2 4 8 16
Sum of nums: 31
First fruit: orange
deque 'empty' is indeed empty.
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