std::array back() method

since C++17

// Non const version
constexpr reference back();

// Const version
constexpr const_reference back() const;

since C++14

// Non const version
reference back();

// Const version
constexpr const_reference back() const;

until C++14

// Non const version
reference back();

// Const version
const_reference back() const;

Returns a reference

to the last element in the container.

Calling back on an empty container results in an undefined behavior.

Parameters

(none)

Return value

Reference to the last element.

Complexity

Constant.

Notes

For a container c, the expression c.back() is equivalent to *std::prev(c.end()).

Example

Main.cpp

#include <array>
#include <iostream>
 
int main()
{
    std::array<char, 6> letters {'a', 'b', 'c', 'd', 'e', 'f'};
 
    if (!letters.empty()) {
        std::cout << "The last character is '" << letters.back() << "'.\n";
    }  
}

Possible output

The last character is 'f'.